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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Commercium (Latijn)
Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 July 2024
Last updated: 30 July 2024
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Contents
- Journal articles
- Dissertations / Theses
- Books
- Book chapters
- Conference papers
- Reports
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Journal articles on the topic "Commercium (Latijn)"
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Hoefte, Rosemarijn. "Commercial Eldorado?" New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 70, no.3-4 (January1, 1996): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002625.
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[First paragraph]De eerste Adam & De rots der struikeling. BOELI VAN LEEUWEN. Amsterdam: Ooievaar, 1996. 237 pp. (Paper NLG 25.00)Gedane zaken: De beste verhalen. HUGO Pos. Amsterdam: Ooievaar, 1996. 230 pp. (Paper NLG 15.00)Maar ik blijf. ASTRID H. ROEMER. Amsterdam: Ooievaar, 1996. 763 pp. (Paper NLG 25.00)De allermooiste romans van de Antillen en Suriname. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 1996. 605 pp. (Paper NLG 39.90)Zingende eilanden. WIM RUTGERS (ed.). Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 1996. 317 pp. (Paper NLG 25.00)De eeuwige belofte van Eldorado: Verhalen over Latijns-Amerika en het Caribisch gebied. Nieuwegein: Aspekt, 1996. 188 pp. (Paper NLG 34.50)Echo van eldorado. ROSEMARIJN HOEFTE & GERT OOSTINDIE (comps). Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1996. 150 pp. (Paper NLG 15.00)Achter het eeuwig El Dorado: Fictie en realiteit in Latijnsamerikaanse literatuur. GEERT A. BANCK et al. Amsterdam: Thela, 1996. 140 pp. (Paper NLG 19.90)Eldorado: Werkelijkheid en droom. ROBERT LEMM. Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1996. 160 pp. (Paper NLG 29.90)302 New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids vol. 70 rw. 3 & 4Surinaamse recepten van A tot Z. MURIEL SAM-SIN-HEWITT. Schoorl: Conserve, 1996. 243 pp. (Paper NLG 29.95)De Bonistraat. AMBER NAHAR. Amsterdam: Piramide, 1996. 71 pp. (Cloth NLG 19.90)Beneden en boven de wind: Literatuur van de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba. WIM RUTGERS. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 1996. 468 pp. (Paper NLG 54.90)Elisabeth Samson: Een vrije, zwarte vrouw in het 18e-eeuwse Suriname. CYNTHIA MC LEOD. Schoorl: Conserve, 1996. 177 pp. (Paper NLG 29.90)De beroepsherinneraar en andere verhalen. ANIL RAMDAS. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 1996. 280 pp. (Paper NLG 34.90)Geef mij maareen Surinamer. RONALD SNIJDERS. Amsterdam: Prometheus, 1996. 88 pp. (Paper NLG 19.90)De vrolijke dood van David Caprino. HENRY MENCKEBERG. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff. 291 pp. (Paper NLG 39.90)Caribische winter. ANNA BRIDIÉ. Amsterdam: Contact, 1996. 222 pp. (Cloth NLG 39.90)Ma Rochelle passée, Welkom El Dorado: Surinaamse historische roman. CYNTHIA MC LEOD. Schoorl: Conserve, 1996. 277 pp. (Paper NLG 39.95)Gewaagd leven. ASTRID H. ROEMER. Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1996. 239 pp. (Paper NLG 29.90)Each year in March an organization with the rather awkward name Collectieve Propaganda voor het Nederlandse Boek (Collective Propaganda for Dutch Books, CPNB) organizes the Dutch national Book Week around a unifying idea. The theme for 1996 was "Eternal Eldorado: Literature from Latin America and the Caribbean." Even though many booksellers expressed their disappointment with this subject, arguing that the Latin American literary boom had long passed, publishers were not deterred. A great number of publications on Latin America and particularly the (Dutch) Caribbean appeared. Some of these books would have been published anyway and now could take advantage of all the accompanying media publicity, others were produced expressly with the Eldorado theme in mind.
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Barrero Castellanos, Juliana, Daniel Cortázar Triana, Alejandra Muñoz Montoya, Juan José Berger, Camila Ivana Vargas Pardo, and Juliana Cubillos Aguirre. "La urdimbre comercial de las organizaciones creativas en América Latina." Economía Creativa, no.15 (2021): 13–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46840/ec.2021.15.02.
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El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el entramado de organizaciones creativas latinoamericanas para así entender las relaciones comerciales entre las mismas, más allá de parámetros económicos tradicionales y así presentar una compleja red artística que depende de múltiples formas organizacionales. Se hicieron 87 entrevistas a organizaciones artísticas de múltiples tamaños en los países de la Alianza del Pacífico (México, Colombia, Perú y Chile) para mostrar una relación que trasciende este tipo de tratados comerciales y así dar a entender las conexiones que se generan dentro del ecosistema del arte latinoamericano. A partir de eso se hace una descripción de conceptos teóricos que permiten analizar la industria creativa, la clasificación de organizaciones artísticas, y su circulación e intermediación. Se concluye con una presentación del contexto específico y unas recomendaciones generales para agentes de interés en el sector, y además se hace énfasis en la importancia de reconocer las micro-organizaciones independientes que son las que sostienen el funcionamiento operativo y financiero del ecosistema.
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Jana L., Andrés. "International Commercial Arbitration in Latin America: Myths and Realities." Journal of International Arbitration 32, Issue 4 (August1, 2015): 413–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2015019.
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This article addresses the past and present of international commercial arbitration in Latin America. Differentiating between international commercial arbitration and investment arbitration and reviewing the evolution of international arbitration in the region, it shows that most Latin American countries have embraced today a modern normative architecture of international commercial arbitration. A number of countries seem to be successful forerunners on that path. The legal framework has been adjusted and judicial decisions make an effort to overcome formalistic and idiosyncratic domestic trends. The author argues that Latin America’s negative attitude towards international commercial arbitration has been rather a myth that has no room in the today’s reality.
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Zakhartsova, Anastasia. "Latin America and the risks to the international trading system: megaregional commercial agreements." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no.4 (December28, 2016): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-4-88-93.
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The article focuses on the peculiarities of the Latin American and Caribbean participation in the international trading system. The author analyzes bound and applied tariff levels in Latin America established when joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) and lists the reasons why the international trading system and the WTO in particular are crucial to Latin American countries. In this light the article investigates the phenomenon of megaregional agreements and reviews the risks they pose to Latin America and to the international trading system in general.
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Newfield, Christopher. "Aftermath of the MOOC wars: Can commercial vendors support creative higher education?" Learning and Teaching 9, no.2 (June1, 2016): 12–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/latiss.2016.090202.
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The large-scale massive open online course (xMOOC) rose to prominence in 2012–13 on the promise that its outcomes would be better and cheaper than those of face-to-face university instruction. By late 2013, xMOOC educational claims had been largely discredited, though policy interest in ed-tech carried on. What can we learn about the future of ed-tech by analysing this eighteen-month period in higher education history? This article gathers different types of evidence to suggest several conclusions: MOOC momentum was propelled by an administrative failure to apply due diligence to xMOOC educational claims. The MOOC path was also smoothed by a confusion among key commentators between xMOOCs and small-scale ‘connectivity’ MOOCs that did show meaningful learning outcomes. At the same time, online courses do not overcome race-based disparities of outcome and in some cases make them worse. In addition, student use of online courses appears to be instrumental, even cynical, further limiting their educational value. MOOCs will be back in modified form to endanger educational equity and quality unless faculty members articulate explicit goals and standards for public higher education to which ed-tech can be held accountable.
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Stemper, Gloria Almeyda. "Commercial banks and women microentrepreneurs in Latin America." Small Enterprise Development 7, no.3 (September 1996): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.1996.022.
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Escarcena, Sebastian López. "Jan Kleinheisterkamp, International Commercial Arbitration in Latin America." Edinburgh Law Review 10, no.2 (May 2006): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2006.10.2.325.
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Cárdenas,EmilioJ. "Jan Kleinheisterkamp, International Commercial Arbitration in Latin America." American Journal of Comparative Law 54, no.2 (2006): 485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/54.2.485.
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Abrosimova,ElenaA. "Specific Features of Commercial and Contract Law in Latin America." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no.10 (2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520017565-2.
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The article analyzes the dualism of private law in Latin America with the examples of civil and commercial codes of individual states of the continent. A specific feature of the legislation governing trade activities is the incorporation of the customs of the indigenous peoples inhabiting the territory of South America into the colonial legal systems of continental Europe, which led to the formation of dualistic principles of trade and contractual regulation. The purpose of this article was to identify the common and distinctive features of contractual regulation of commercial relations in different countries of Central and South America in terms of defining the concept of a contract, the subject of the contract, the procedure for concluding a contract and individual contractual structures. The specificity of the legal regulation of contractual relations in Latin America is analyzed by means of historical, comparative legal research methods and the method of content analysis of the provisions of normative acts. Civil and commercial codes, as well as other regulations of Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, Venezuela, Bolivia and a number of other Latin American countries were used as empirical material. The following can be stated as the basic principles on which the Latin American system of Contractual law is built: the autonomy of participants in commercial relations, the social function of the contract and freedom of contract, good faith and equality of the parties in contractual obligations. The dualism of private law in Latin American countries leads to a different understanding of civil law contracts and commercial transactions concluded by participants in trade, which is reflected in the provisions of the civil and commercial codes and the definition of the subject of the contract. Separately, the article discusses the procedure for concluding an agreement through the offer-acceptance structure, as well as in the negotiation process.
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Powell, John, and AlexanderF.H.Kaplan. "Laser Cutting Technology - A Commercial Perspective." Laser Technik Journal 9, no.2 (April 2012): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/latj.201290019.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Commercium (Latijn)"
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Frutos-Peterson, Claudia. "L'émergence d'un droit effectif de l'arbitrage commercial international en Amérique latine ?" Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010285.
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La participation accrue de l'Amérique latine aux échanges commerciaux internationaux a conduit celle-ci a modifier de façon notable son approche de l'arbitrage. En adhérant au mouvement de globalisation de l'économie, les pays d'Amérique latine ont perçu leur intérêt à promouvoir un cadre favorable à l'arbitrage commercial international quitte à rompre avec une position traditionnelle des plus réticentes. On assiste ainsi à une véritable reconnaissance par l'Amérique latine du droit de l'arbitrage commercial international. Cette conversion ne peut être réelle que si elle se traduit au niveau interne par une véritable réception de ce droit. Or force est de constater que de nombreux obstacles juridiques mais aussi culturels propres à l'Amérique latine nuisent à la pleine effectivité du droit de l'arbitrage commercial international. Un certain nombre d'aménagements s'impose pour que l'arbitrage commercial international puisse devenir en Amérique latine l'instrument privilégié de règlement des différends qu'il est déjà sur la scène internationale
The increasing latin American participation in international commercial exchanges has brought about a notable change in its approach to international commercial arbitration. In keeping with the ongoing trend toward economic globalisation, the countries of Latin America have found it in their interest to promote a favorable framework for international commercial arbitration, even if it means breaking with their traditionally strong reticence toward this means of dispute resolution. As a result we are now witnessing a true recognition by Latin America of the law of international commercial arbitration. However, this conversion cannot be fully accomplished unless accompanied by actual acceptance of international commercial arbitration in the internal laws of the countries of the region. Unfortunately, it must be recognized that numerous obstacles, not only in Latin American law but also in Latin American culture, undermine the complete acceptance of international commercial arbitration by the countries of latin America. A certain number of improvements are necessary in order for international commercial arbitration to become in Latin America the preferred means for resolution of disputes that it has already become on the international scene
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Saragossi, Maggy. "Le discours politico-commercial du Canada sur l'Amérique latine : analyse des allocutions officielles des secrétaires d'Etat et ministres, 1982-1985." Bordeaux 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR30016.
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Cette these en sciences de l'information et de la communication est basee sur l'analyse du discours appliquee au domaine des relations internationales. Dans cette recherche, l'analyse du discours implique une operation de synthese entre differentes orientations, dont entre autres : les reflexions de m. Pecheux a propos du concept de formation discursive ; les formulations du cercle de bakhtine en regard de l'interaction verbale ; le modele actantiel developpe par a. J. Greimas et relie a l'analyse semiotique des textes. La recherche cerne les conditions de production du discours. Elle tient compte aussi du contexte socioeconomique et politique entourant l'enonciation. Une attention particuliere a ete accordee a l'argumentation, ainsi qu'aux rapports du langage avec l'ideologie, et ce, a travers les procedes rhetoriques. Ce mode d'analyse a ete applique au discours tenu par le canada sur l'amerique latine, et d'une facon generale, a propos des pays du tiers-monde durant la "crise" de la dette internationale qui s'est etalee de 1982 a 1985. Cette etude rend possible un travail d'interpretation sur la politique etrangere du canada. L'auteur a determine et analyse trois types d'allocutions parmi celles publiees par le ministere des affaires exterieures du canada : les relations bilaterales de ce pays avec l'amerique latine ; les relations multilaterales avec les institutions intergouvernementales (cnuced, gatt, ocde, nations unies) ainsi que celles adressees a l'electorat canadien a propos de l'amerique latine. Pour l'auteur, le discours egalitaire du canada, conforme en cela sans doute a d'autres pays occidentaux, n'est avant tout qu'un discours de legitimation d'une realite qui l'est bien moins
This thesis in communication and information sciences is based on discourse analysis applied to the field of international relations. In this study, discourse analysis implies an operation of synthesis between various orientations, including, amongst others : m. Pecheux's reflections concerning the concept of discursive formation ; the ideas formulated by the bakhtin's circle regarding verbal interaction ; the actantial model developed by a. J. Greimas and used in the semiotic analysis of texts. The study outlines the conditions for the production of discourses and takes into account the socio-economic and political context surrounding their utterance. Through rhetorical processes, particular attention has been given to argumentation, as well to the relation between language and ideology. This method of analysis has been applied to canada's discourse on latin america, and in a general way, on third world countries during the international debt "crisis" that extended from 1982 to 1985. This study makes possible a work of interpretation of canada's foreign policy. The author has defined and analysed three types of speeches amongst those published by the ministry of external affairs of canada : the bilateral relations between this country and latin america ; the multilateral relations with intergovernmental institutions (cnuced, gatt, oecd, united nations) as well as those concerning latin america that were addressed to the canadian electorate. In the author's view, canada's egalitarian language, no doubt in accordance with other western countries, is nothing but a language of legitimization for a reality that is much less so
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Tyce,SpencerR. "German Conquistadors and Venture Capitalists: The Welser Company's Commercial Experiment in 16th Century Venezuela and the Caribbean World." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1436218400.
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Daza, Aramayo Lourdes Gabriela. "Analysis of Trade Relations between the European Union and Latin America from 1995-2011." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-196936.
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The Doctoral Thesis "Analysis of Trade Relations between the European Union and Latin America from 1995-2011" focuses on the determination Latin America's potential as a trading partner for the European Union. It will be based on an analysis of the region's trade relationships between 1995 and 2011 through different econometric models and a macroeconomic analysis. It will make recommendations for improving economic relation policies with Latin America and the European Union as well as identify the sectors which could represent great potential for trade between both regions. The research is divided into seven chapters: The first chapter covers international trade theory; this part comprises the theoretical aspects directly related to international trade. The second chapter analyzes the macroeconomic features of Latin American countries and compares them with data from the European Union. A separate, detailed analysis of 17 Latin American countries was performed and the potential of each one to make their importance known to the world and define their geopolitical position is described. The third chapter details the trade policies of the European Union and Latin America. The fourth chapter discusses trade relations between Latin America and the European Union through a look at the trade agreements that have been signed between the European Union and Latin American countries and tries to identify possible causes of failures for agreements not signed. This chapter also studies the sectorial composition of trade between the two regions, emphasizing the asymmetry between these trades flows as they enter the countries studied. The fifth chapter, the heart of this research paper, analyzes the trade relations between the EU and Latin America through a gravity model, identifying the obstacles and barriers to international trade between the two regions. The second part of this chapter discusses institutional factors, which, as a result of the conclusions from the gravity model explained earlier in the chapter, play an important role in international trade between Latin America and the European Union. This section contains a comparative analysis of the situation of the institutional factors in the 29 Latin American countries which were analyzed in the gravity model. This chapter also includes a trade simulation between the Czech Republic and Latin America with the institutional factors in Latin America showing a 10% improvement. In the sixth chapter, the competitiveness of 17 Latin American countries is calculated using the results of the barriers to international trade through a new method based on the comparison of indicators, ranked by dimension and according to the weight thereof for a period of time. The last chapter focuses on the identification of the variables determining foreign direct investment in Latin America, represented by 29 countries and over a period of time from 1995 to 2011. It considers variables traditionally not considered such as the number of patents registered, the tax rate and institutional factors, which have revealed important explanatory variables as well as those traditionally considered such as GDP, inflation, population, the share of GDP by sector, income level, etc. The last part of this research lists the conclusions reached and proposes recommendations for economic relations policy development between Latin America and the European Union.
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Bellinger,NathanH.1982. "Globalization and neoliberalism in Ecuador: The expansion and effects of the commercial tuna fishing industry." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11268.
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xi, 129 p. : col. ill.
Between the 1980s and early 2000s, Ecuador's commercial tuna fishing industry evolved from an insignificant player in the global marketplace to the third largest tuna fishery in the world. The reasons behind this dramatic expansion are integrally linked to economic globalization and more specifically, the proliferation of neoliberal economic policies throughout Latin America and Ecuador. In this thesis, I link neoliberal reforms, such as increased capital mobility, free trade agreements, and export-led development, to the rapid growth of Ecuador's tuna fishery, centrally located in Manta. I then explore the place-based effects of these reforms by elucidating the social and environmental impacts of the tuna industry. I argue that while there have been some benefits, such as economic growth and job creation, expansion of Manta's tuna fishery has exacerbated local inequalities, created serious environmental problems, and led to new workplace challenges for employees in the industry.
Committee in charge: Dr. Derrick Hindery, Chairperson;Dr. Lise Nelson, Member
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BESSEGHINI, DEBORAH. "COMMERCIO BRITANNICO E IMPERIALISMO INFORMALE IN AMERICA LATINA. ROBERT P. STAPLES TRA RÍO DE LA PLATA, PERÙ E MESSICO (1808-1824)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2908480.
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Il lavoro consiste nella ricostruzione delle reti atlantiche e globali di un agente politico e commerciale britannico, attivo nel periodo delle guerre di indipendenza in America latina. Robert Ponsonby Staples (1784-1852) fu prima console ufficioso a Buenos Aires e poi console in Messico, ad Acapulco e Guadalajara. Possiamo definire la sua una biografia “imperiale”, in quanto Staples si mosse, prima sul Río de la Plata, poi sulla costa americana del Pacifico (dove giunse dopo essersi spinto fino Calcutta) e infine in Messico, negli spazi dove si dispiegarono gli interessi imperiali della Gran Bretagna, in particolare quelli resi accessibili dalla crisi dell’impero ispano-americano. La ricostruzione delle vicende di un agente prevalentemente informale, tra missioni politiche e iniziative commerciali di rilevanza politico-strategica (i prestiti ai nuovi governi indipendenti, gli investimenti minerari e il commercio di forniture militari), è effettuata sulla base di documenti conservati in archivi pubblici e privati di Londra, Belfast, Buenos Aires, Santiago del Cile, Città del Messico. È stato possibile, attraverso tali fonti, analizzare con quali metodi, mediante quali reti di relazioni e con quali obbiettivi, la politica britannica di “influenza” funzionò nella pratica corrente degli affari politici, commerciali e finanziari in America latina. E in che misura questo caso di studio possa contribuire a sostanziare di nuovi elementi la tesi di Robinson e Gallagher circa l’esistenza di un processo di lungo periodo di formazione di un “impero informale” britannico la cui “bandiera invisibile” avrebbe fatto da elemento trainante per il commercio in aree che sarebbero rimaste indipendenti dal dominio coloniale britannico, ma che nel XIX secolo erano suscettibili di una riconfigurazione dei rapporti di forza tra le potenze. Staples agì all’interno di un particolare ambito della politica britannica, ovvero nello spazio tra la vasta gamma di iniziative che gli agenti politici britannici potevano porre in atto nell’America spagnola, e ciò che il Foreign Office non avrebbe accettato, ritenendolo incompatibile con le enunciazioni ufficiali e/o con gli interessi e gli obbiettivi generali della sua politica estera, compresi quelli inconfessabili. Studiando questo ambito di azione, vi si scoprono all’interno comportamenti, pratiche, iniziative, il cui carattere e il cui esito servono a dare sostanza e a descrivere forme concrete dell’“imperialismo informale”, come un’influenza esercitata allo scopo di favorire la nascita e orientare il consolidamento di strutture politiche e economiche adatte ad accogliere i commerci e gli investimenti britannici.
This work aims to reconstruct the Atlantic and global networks of a British political and commercial agent, who was active during the Independence Wars period in Latin America. Robert Ponsonby Staples (1784-1852) was initially the unofficial British consul in Buenos Aires and later became the British consul at Acapulco and Guadalajara. His biography can be defined as “imperial” because Staples operated within the spaces open to Great Britain’s imperial interests, particularly those areas that became accessible to Britain during and after the crisis of the Spanish American empire. Staples was in fact based at first on the banks of the River Plate and later on the Pacific coasts of America, where he arrived via London and Calcutta, and finally in Mexico. As a chiefly informal agent Staples took part in political missions and commercial initiatives of political and strategic consequence; such as loans to newly formed governments, mining investments and trade of military supplies. The reconstruction of all those activities is pieced together from documents preserved in some public and private archives of Belfast, London, Buenos Aires, Santiago and Mexico City. These sources have been used to analyze the networks, methods and purposes by which the British policy of “influence” operated at the level of politics commerce and finance in Latin America. It is also meant to show how the present case-study could contribute to strengthen with new elements Robinson and Gallagher’s thesis on the long-term process of construction of a British “informal empire”, whose “invisible flag” would have been a driving element for British trade in regions susceptible to a reconfiguration of the balance of power in the 19th century, but which were not a part of the British Empire. Staples manoeuvred within a peculiar area of British policy; the area between the broad range of initiatives British political agents could put in practice and what the Foreign Office would have disavowed of them, because conflicting with the official statements and/or with the general goals (also the unofficial goals) of the British foreign policy. It is possible to recognize within this area actions, behaviors, practices, initiatives, whose nature and outcomes help giving substance and describing concrete forms of “informal imperialism”, that is, the British influence exerted to create and to help stabilize economic and political frameworks suited to British trade and investments.
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Maluf, Samia Nagib. "LiberaÃÃo comercial e quebra estrutural: evidÃncias empÃricas para a AmÃrica Latina." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2007. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1277.
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Esta tese teve por objetivo central verificar, estatÃstica e analiticamente, o impacto da abertura econÃmica sobre os respectivos graus de abertura, correlacionando, por outro lado, estes resultados com as polÃticas econÃmicas adotadas. Do ponto de vista estatÃstico, a anÃlise centrou-se na identificaÃÃo da ocorrÃncia ou nÃo de quebra estrutural nas sÃries de comÃrcio internacional (ExportaÃÃo/PIB e ImportaÃÃo/PIB) dos principais paÃses da AmÃrica Latina, no perÃodo de 1974 a 2003. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as metodologias de determinaÃÃo endÃgena de quebra de Vogelsang (1997), da estacionaridade das sÃries/erros, os testes ADF e URB (2002) e o filtro de Hodrick-Prescott, mediante a funÃÃo de mudanÃa exponencial. Comprovou-se empiricamente, a relevÃncia da metodologia aqui desenvolvida para testar a estacionaridade de uma sÃrie com quebra utilizando o teste URB e de Vogelsang, seqÃencialmente e em conjunto. O tamanho do trimming nÃo influenciou fortemente os resultados, conforme previsto por Vogelsang (1997). Considerando primeiramente as sÃries de comÃrcio, a maioria delas apresentou quebra estrutural estatisticamente significante nas suas trajetÃrias; raiz unitÃria; tendÃncia quadrÃtica; variaÃÃo positiva das mÃdias de comÃrcio pÃs-quebra em relaÃÃo Ãs prÃ-quebra; crescimento das exportaÃÃes, na dÃcada de 1990, quatro vezes superior Ãs das trÃs dÃcadas do modelo ISI. A maior incidÃncia das datas de quebras ocorreu entre o limiar da dÃcada de 1980 e o inÃcio da de 1990. No caso das exportaÃÃes, em face da consolidaÃÃo do processo de liberalizaÃÃo, e no das importaÃÃes, em virtude da reduÃÃo drÃstica das barreiras tarifÃrias e nÃo tarifÃrias. Dentre os benefÃcios da liberalizaÃÃo para a regiÃo pode-se destacar a estabilizaÃÃo econÃmica, reduÃÃo da inflaÃÃo, melhora do balanÃo de pagamentos, principalmente nos Ãltimos anos; aumento do Ãndice de mudanÃa estrutural do valor agregado de manufaturas comparativamente ao perÃodo de ISI. Em termos das trajetÃrias da medida de abertura [(ExportaÃÃo + ImportaÃÃo) /PIB/ (PIB)], algumas datas de quebra apresentaram resultados que indicam a possÃvel existÃncia de efeitos de potencializarÃo ou de neutralizaÃÃo de uma sÃrie sobre a outra. No caso da medida de abertura do Brasil, o estudo baseou-se nas freqÃÃncias anual, trimestral e mensal. O filtro de Hodrick-Prescott foi determinante na avaliaÃÃo das datas de quebra. Na freqÃÃncia anual, a mesma data de quebra foi encontrada pelas metodologias do Teste de Vogelsang (1997), o de Sachs & Warner (1995) e Wacziarg & Welch (2003) e Hodrick-Prescott, ou seja, 1990, que coincide com a primeira fase do processo de liberalizaÃÃo brasileira. Em termos das freqÃÃncias trimestrais e mensais, a data de quebra encontrada em ambas foi 1998, data em que a taxa anual mÃdia de crescimento das importaÃÃes brasileiras foi quase duas vezes maior do que a do comÃrcio internacional. Atribuiu-se a suavidade da reversÃo da tendÃncia como razÃo para a diferenÃa nas datas de quebra quando se muda a freqÃÃncia.
The main purpose of this thesis is to verify statistical and analytically the economic openness impacts regarding their openness degree in comply with the economic politics results. In light of the substantial movement towards trade liberalization during 80â decade, statistical analysis aimed to identify structural breaks at international trade series (Export/GDP and Import/GDP) of the Latin Americaâs main countries, from 1974 up to 2003. Considering methodologies, it was used Vogelsangâs test (1997) to determine endogenous breaks; ADF and URB (2002) tests were used to classify series/erros in terms of stationarity and the Hodrick-Prescott filter, using the exponential shift function. In this thesis was developed a methodologyâs adaptation to test erros stationarity in a break structural context, using URB and Vogelsang tests together and sequentially which has showed a good performance. Confirming Vogelsangâs prediction (1997), trimmingâs size does not affect strongly the results. Considering first the trade ratios, most of them exhibited a structural break statistically significant in their paths; unit root; quadratic trend; average postbreak trade exceeded average prebreak trade for the majority of countries; 90â export growth exceeded four times ISI three decades performance. In general, statistically significant break dates took place ending 80â or beginning 90â, for exporting it happened due to consolidation of the liberalization process consolidation and regarding imports it was due to the tariffs and non tariffs barriers strongly reduction. Among the liberalizationâs benefits to the region were economic stabilization; lowered inflation; balance-of-payments improvement, mainly during last years; increased manufacturing value-added structural change index comparing to the ISI period. In terms of openness measure paths [(export + import)/(PIB)], it was identified some potentialized and/or neutralized effects of one series over the other at openness degreeâs break dates. At brazilianâs openness measure case, the study was based on annual, quarterly and monthly frequencies and using Hodrick-Prescott filter were significantly important in analysing those break dates. Concerning annual frequency same breaking date founded by Vogelsangâs (1997); Sachs & Warnerâs (1995) and Wacziarg & Welchâs (2003) and Hodrick-Prescott methodologies, that was 1990, coincidentally refers to the first brazilian liberalizationâs phase. In terms of quarterly and monthly frequencies breaking date results were both 1998. Reasons for difference in the time breaks frequencies results were based on tendency reversion smoothness. Besides it was possible to identify only through the filter. Besides it, at this date brazilian import growth were almost twice comparing to the world import growth.
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Heredia, Luis Patricio Estrada. "O intercâmbio compensado: um estudo de caso brasileiro e latino-americano para aplicar no Equador." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-13062018-170937/.
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Esta tese versa sobre uma das formas mais engenhosas de comércio internacional, embora seja egressa de antigas práticas do comércio em todo o mundo. Trata-se do intercâmbio compensado, um sistema muito utilizado, no século passado, nos países Cortina de Ferro, e que mais recentemente renasce nos países do Terceiro Mundo, onde socorrem países com escassez de divisas, substituindo moedas por countertrade. O objetivo principal desse trabalho é o de verificar as possibilidades da aplicação desse sistema de trocas compensadas no mercado da América Latina, como ênfase no mercado brasileiro e equatoriano. O levantamento bibliográfico apontou a existência de formas mais recentes de utilização de operações desse tipo no sofisticado mundo do comércio exterior atual. Os conceitos e as formas do intercâmbio compensado evoluíram fortemente nesses últimos anos e requereu o estudo de operações cometidas em várias partes do mundo, envolvendo desde empresas estatais a empresas de variados portes, inclusive de grandes multinacionais com operação ao redor de todo o mundo. Parece não haver impedimentos de qualquer natureza para países ou empresas privadas e públicas. Esse levantamento motivou o autor a desenvolver pesquisa qualitativa em amostra intencional, para conhecer o uso real e concreto dessas operações no Brasil e no Equador, com o objetivo de identificar barreiras e outras dificuldades à adoção dessas operações. O Brasil foi escolhido por apresentar uma economia multisetorial capaz de produzir uma oferta diversificada para os países Latino-Americanos e, de outro, o Equador país que necessita de altos volumes de importações, nos próximos anos, para conseguir imputar maior dinamismo a sua vida econômica. Foram realizadas 55 entrevistas com empresários brasileiros, localizados no Estado de São Paulo e o Brasil e 155 com empresários equatorianos, todos envolvidos com comércio internacional, sejam eles, industriais ou comerciantes. A análise dos resultados apontou para um desconhecimento quase completo desse sistema de trocas nos dois países, evidenciando ser esse o maior problema para a adoção das trocas compensadas. Por outro lado, as informações apresentadas sobre esse tema evidenciaram um entusiasmo inicial pelas perspectivas que oferecem para novos negócios com países da região, e revelam um interesse forte dos empresários em conhecer os procedimentos para realização dessas operações. Parece muito pertinente, portanto, que os dois governos locais precisem levar ao empresariado informações e disponibilizassem alguma forma de apoio a esse sistema de comércio que dispensa o uso de divisas, sejam elas quais forem.
This doctoral thesis deals is about one the most recent forms of international trade, although it comes from the oldest commercial philosophy. It is the compensated exchange, a system well-known in the Iron Curtain countries, but lately in the countries of the Third World where they are replacing the money by the countertrade. Its main objective was to verify if it is possible to be applied it in the Brazilian market, in the Ecuadorian market and in general in the Latin American market. As a first step, a bibliographical survey was made looking to understand, from its origin, the concepts of the new forms of exchange offset to its application from the experiences of multinational companies and countries that have used this new form of foreign trade. What was sought was to prove its effectiveness, the next step was to develop a quantitative research that takes us to the real, practical and concrete thinking about the use of the countertrade. Based on a questionnaire designed for this purpose, a pilot was carried out together with a population of 150 foreign trade entrepreneurs, traders and industrial entrepreneurs from Ecuador. As well as qualitative research with a population of 50 foreign trade entrepreneurs, traders and industrial entrepreneurs from Brazil, mostly from the State of São Paulo. After analyzing the results, we have been able to understand two important things. The first: that most entrepreneurs do not know the countertrade, therefore, it is important to start both in Brazil and Ecuador begin to disseminate this new form of international trade. And the second: surprisingly, the entrepreneurs who knew how the countretrade operates were very open to this new form of commerce
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Gonzalez, Ulises Antonio. "LATINO RHYTHMS IN DOWNTOWN LOS ANGELES: A CASE STUDY OF THE SOCIAL, PHYSICAL, AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF “LA BROADWAY”." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1259.
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In an attempt to practice inclusive planning, this research project explores whether Broadway Avenue functions as an ethnic commercial strip and identifies social, physical, and economic components that contribute to the Latino neighborhood/ barrio. Using pilot studies Loukaitou-Sideris (2000), Loukaitou-Sideris (2002), Rojas (1993), Manzumdar et al. (2000), Main (2007), and Fernando (2007) as a foundation, this research uses a single case study in addition to several research methods: 42 random surveys, literature review and analysis, site observations/pictures, and land use survey.Various scholars write that barrios have unique physical, social, economic, and political attributes. A new aesthetic, art, symbols, type of businesses, music, community events, and vendors all add to social ambiance and physical design of the neighborhood (Rojas,1993). The findings reported in this case study highlight that the majority of the people who are present at any given time on Broadway Avenue are Latino immigrants from a lower socio-economic background. They visit Broadway’s Latino commercial strip from across Los Angeles County to shop, work, and for leisure purposes. Broadway Avenue is a festive, popular, spiritual, and political public space for many Latino immigrants. Many of the study participants are attracted to Broadway’s diversity, architecture, aesthetics, culturally themed stores and restaurants; showing that this Latino commercial strip possesses deep social, physical and economic significance.Contributions of this study include a detailed description about Broadway Avenue beyond the existing literature review. Survey results provide valuable information about what study participants would like to be preserved for Broadway’s future. This information provides user-driven recommendations for preservation and change on Broadway Avenue.Broadway Avenue between Second Street and Olympic Boulevard in downtown Los Angeles is the focused area of this thesis project to provide a qualitative description of the environment of a Latino commercial strip. This thesis provides recommendations to urban planners as they attempt to preserve cultural elements of Broadway’s Latino commercial strip.
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Olarte, Bacares Diana Carolina. "L'articulation du droit international des investissements et des droits de l'homme : le cas de l'Amérique latine." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010320.
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Cette thèse porte sur deux espaces juridiques différents : celui des droits de l’homme et celui des investissements étrangers. Le centre de gravité de notre recherche étant défini géographiquement en Amérique latine, le but est d’analyser l’articulation de ces deux espaces juridiques en identifiant et étudiant la circulation normative dans sa dimension horizontale, c'est-à-dire reposant sur le cadre normatif international. L’interaction entre le droit international des investissements et les droits de l’homme est une problématique récente, qui a commencé à attirer l’attention de la communauté internationale et a mis en évidence les avantages et les limites de leur articulation. En effet, les États sont tenus de protéger, respecter et garantir tous les droits de l’homme indépendamment des classifications dont ils font l’objet. Concomitamment, les Etats doivent aussi suivre les obligations relatives aux investissements étrangers déduites des accords en la matière. Le respect de ces deux types d’obligations peut opérer sans poser de problèmes de coordination, ou, au contraire, dans certaines hypothèses, une concurrence de ces deux types d’engagements peut apparaître. De ce fait, l’identification de leurs points de rencontre ainsi que de leurs points d’achoppement devra être menée pour atteindre l’objectif principal de notre analyse défini par l’articulation de ces deux domaines du droit international. La pratique témoigne des implications que les activités d’investissements ont de temps en temps vis-à-vis des droits de la personne, ce qui invite à analyser l’interaction entre ces deux régimes juridiques. C’est ainsi que quelques nouveaux modèles de traités d’investissements commencent à mentionner expressément la protection des droits de l’homme. De la même manière, l’arbitrage international est de plus en plus occupé par des questions concernant les points de rencontre et d’achoppement entre les deux régimes. Ainsi, la jurisprudence arbitrale traite la question, mais souvent de façon timide et hétérogène, et la plupart du temps par le biais d’interprétations privilégiant la protection des droits de l’investisseur sur toute autre question relevant des droits des différentes personnes affectées par l’investissement. La lecture de cette même situation dans l’enceinte contentieuse des droits de l’homme du système interaméricain est souvent divergente, car ceux-ci sont appliqués et interprétés en concordance avec des principes spécifiques et privilégiant l’essence humaniste qui distingue la matière. Ces divergences d’interprétation risquent de s’approfondir du fait de la spécificité des structures régionales participant à la création et au développement du droit international des investissements et des droits de l’homme. En Amérique latine, région reconnue pour ses contrastes, des approches régionales particulières se sont développées autour de la question du traitement et de la protection des étrangers par le biais des doctrines Calvo et Drago, ainsi que de l’interprétation régionale de plusieurs droits dans le cadre du système interaméricain de protection des droits de l’homme. Ces approches particulières ont bâti des traditions juridiques latino-américaines, dans les matières respectives, qui ont évolué dans le temps et se confrontent avec le cadre juridique international de l’investissement étranger. Cette situation de possible fragmentation juridique se nourrit de la création des nouveaux centres de décision et d’institutions régionaux comme l’UNASUR, l’ALBA et plus récemment la CELAC. De ce fait, elle nous invite à approfondir la question de l’articulation des régimes juridiques en l’étudiant sous le prisme de la tradition juridique latino-américaine
This thesis addresses two different legal areas: Human Rights and foreign investment protection. The focal point of our research is Latin America, and the objective is to analyze the articulation of the above-mentioned legal areas, while identifying and studying the circulation of legal norms in their horizontal dimension, in other words, in the framework of international law. The interaction of foreign investment law and human rights is recent, and is a subject that has begun to attract the attention of the international community and to display the advantages and limits in their articulation In fact, States have to protect, respect and guarantee Human Rights, regardless of the classification they are subject to. At the same time, States must also comply with their obligations to protect foreign investment in their territories derived from international treaties that they are part of. Compliance with these two types of obligations can take place without implying any coordination problems, but in other cases, it could also cause these obligations to clash. We will aim to identify common points in both regimes, as well as conflict areas in order to determine the articulation between these two areas of international law. In fact, practice reflects the implications that investment activities sometimes have on human rights, and invites to analyze the interactions between these two regimes. This is how some new model agreements promoting and protecting foreign investment have begun to expressly refer the protection of human rights. In the same way, international arbitration has been increasingly dealing with questions concerning the common areas, as well as the diverging points of these two regimes. In effect, arbitral jurisprudence deals with this interaction, but often times in a timid and heterogeneous way, and in the majority of the cases biased by interpretations that privilege the rights of investors over any other question relative to rights of other persons affected by the investment. In light of human rights jurisprudence, this situation often receives a different understanding, due to the fact that human rights are interpreted and applied in accordance with specific principles, and placing greater importance on the humanistic essence that distinguishes the area. These differences in the interpretation may deepen, taking into account the specificity of regional structures that participate in the creation and development of international investment law and international human rights law. Concerning Latin America, bearing in mind the contrasts that depict the region, it has featured particular approaches with regard to the treatment of foreign investors, greatly influenced by the Calvo and Drago doctrines, as well as by regional interpretations within the framework of the Inter-American system of human rights. These interpretations have built Latin American legal traditions in the matter that have evolved over time, and can be evaluated against the international investment juridical framework. This landscape of possible legal fragmentation is nourished by the creations of new decision-making centers and regional institutions such as the UNASUR, ALBA, and more recently the CELAC. This question calls us to deepen the study of the articulation of these two legal regimes, under the prism of the Latin American legal tradition
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Books on the topic "Commercium (Latijn)"
1
C, Gutiérrez Norma, and Rodriguez-Ferrand Graciela, eds. Creating commercial connections: Trade laws of Latin America. [Washington, D.C: Law Library of Congress, 2002.
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Taborda, Felipe. Latin American graphic design. Köln: Taschen, 2008.
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Fritsch, Winston. Latin America in a changing global environment. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1992.
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Edwards, Sebastian. Trade and industrial policy reform in Latin America. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.
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Sáez, Sebastián. Implementing trade policy in Latin America: The cases of Chile and Mexico. Santiago, Chile: United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Division of International Trade and Integration, 2005.
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J, Galindo Arturo, Schiantarelli Fabio, and Latin American Research Network, eds. Credit constraints and investment in Latin America. Washington: Inter-American Development Bank, 2003.
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Giordano, Paolo. Trade and poverty in Latin America. Edited by Inter-American Development Bank. Washington, D.C: Inter-American Development Bank, 2009.
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Alam, Asad. Trade policy reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean during the 1980s. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Latin American and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank, 1993.
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Rajapatirana, Sarath. Trade policies in Latin America and the Caribbean: Priorities, progress, and prospects. San Francisco, Calif: International Center For Economic Growth, 1997.
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Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry of India. Latin America & the Caribbean: A study on commercial relations with India. New Delhi: Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, 2012.
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Book chapters on the topic "Commercium (Latijn)"
1
Jacoby, David. "The Production of Silk Textiles in Latin Greece." In Commercial Exchange Across the Mediterranean, XII_22—XII_35. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003418788-12.
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Tortora, Manuela, and Diana Tussie. "Commercial Defense Policy: Issues at Stake." In Trade Negotiations in Latin America, 166–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403918581_10.
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van den Berge, Marten Pieter. "Children in Traditional and Commercial Agriculture." In Hazardous Child Labour in Latin America, 145–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0177-9_8.
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Jacoby, David. "Changing Economic Patterns in Latin Romania: The Impact of the West." In Commercial Exchange Across the Mediterranean, IX_197—IX_233. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003418788-9.
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Stemper, Gloria Almeyda. "Commercial banks and women microentrepreneurs in Latin America." In Microfinance, 109–20. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440859.007.
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Meissner,KatharinaL. "The European Union in Latin America in light of US dominance." In Commercial Realism and EU Trade Policy, 69–131. Abingdon, Oxon ; NewYork, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge/UACES contemporary European studies: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351047647-3.
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Jacoby, David. "The Venetian Privileges in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: Twelfth and Thirteenth-Century Interpretations and Implementation." In Commercial Exchange Across the Mediterranean, V_155—V_175. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003418788-5.
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Ellis,R.Evan. "Commercial Service Offerings—Telecom, Electricity, Logistics, and Banking." In China on the Ground in Latin America, 103–26. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137439772_5.
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ZamaconaAboumrad,GuillermoA., and Adriana González Flores. "Mexico’s Healthy Food: Using Innovation to Create Commercial Ties with Suppliers." In Reverse Entrepreneurship in Latin America, 83–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94466-1_6.
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Riley-Smith, Jonathan. "Government in Latin Syria and the Commercial Privileges of foreign Merchants." In Crusaders and Settlers in the Latin East, XI:109—XI:132. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003417590-11.
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Conference papers on the topic "Commercium (Latijn)"
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Ventura,LusoM., and Ricardo Simões de Abreu. "Commercial Vehicles Emission Control for Latin America." In Automotive Industry in Expanding Countries. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/911733.
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Chiu, Chiung-Fang. "Programming Examples Analysis of Commercial Vocational High School Textbooks in Taiwan." In 2015 International Conference on Learning and Teaching in Computing and Engineering (LaTiCE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/latice.2015.51.
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Rozenfelds, Jānis. "Legal Framework of Commercial Pledge in Latvia = Komercķīlu tiesiskais regulējums Latvijā." In Latvijas Universitātes 72. zinātniskā konference. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/juzk.72.01.
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I.Arias,V., R.Ardila, and J.Ruiz. "Distributed Generation: Regulatory and Commercial Aspects." In 2006 IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdcla.2006.311379.
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Anjos,R.M., R.Veiga, B.Mosquera, C.Carvalho, J.G.Aguiar, A.M.A.Santos, and M.H.B.O.Frascá. "Gamma Radiation Measurements in Brazilian Commercial Granites." In VI LATIN AMERICAN SYMPOSIUM ON NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND APPLICATIONS. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2710641.
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Meden, Javier, Felipe Stuardo, and Benjamin Baran. "Multi-objective Optimization for a Commercial Datacenter in Paraguay." In 2019 XLV Latin American Computing Conference (CLEI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/clei47609.2019.235106.
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Manitta, Jose Orlando, Carlos Di Cugno, and Miguel Angel Gaona. "Supply to a Commercial Network - Planning of Production." In SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/69589-ms.
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Butron Revilla, Cinthya Lady, Edith Gabriela Manchego Huaquipaco, Liliana Soledad Valverde Caballero, Gabriel Manrique Postigo, and Lily Yamilet Soto Mamani. "Smart tools to assessment the livability of commercial streets." In 2021 2nd Sustainable Cities Latin America Conference (SCLA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scla53004.2021.9540156.
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Santos Jaimes, Luz Marina, Kifayat Ullah, and Edson dos Santos Moreira. "A secure commercial ads dissemination scheme for vehicular networks." In 2016 8th IEEE Latin-American Conference on Communications (LATINCOM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/latincom.2016.7811610.
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Balodis, Kaspars. "The Development of the Concept of a Commercial Transaction in Latvian Private Law." In The 7th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.7.03.
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Reports on the topic "Commercium (Latijn)"
1
Evenett,SimonJ. Mapping Crisis-Era Protectionism in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006984.
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The resort to discrimination in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region against foreign commercial interests is documented in this paper and compared to aggregate statistics for worldwide policy choice and for a comparator group of developing countries in the Asia Pacific region. LAC protectionism spiked later than in the rest of the world and, on average, the former nations resorted more to traditional protectionist tools than the latter. Within the LAC region, the heavier users of protectionism employed different cocktails of discriminatory policy instruments. An exploratory cross-country analysis of the potential macroeconomic drivers and substitutes for protectionism in LAC was undertaken. During the crisis era, resort to protectionism tended to be greater in nations that cut tariffs more during 2000-7 and that employed less aggressive fiscal stimulus packages once the crisis hit. Exchange rate depreciation appears to have complemented, rather than substituted, for protectionism.
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Murcia, Juan Felipe, Ernesto Cuestas, Roland Michelitsch, and Alejandro Soriano. Evaluation of IDB Group's Work through Financial Intermediaries: SME Finance Background Report. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009278.
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This background paper has been prepared in conjunction with acomprehensive evaluation of the work of the Inter-American Development Bank Group through financial intermediaries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The paper focuses on those IDBG operations with FIs (mostly commercial banks) that seek to expand access to finance for small and medium-sized enterprises.
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Katz, Sabrina, Miguel Algarin, and Emanuel Hernandez. Structuring for Exit: New Approaches for Private Capital in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003074.
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Structured financing solutions encompass a range of investment approaches that provide liquidity to investors without the need for a traditional equity exit event, such as a strategic sale, sale to another financial investor, or public market listing. Structuring mechanisms across the debt-to-equity spectrum determine the exit terms of the deal, therefore providing considerable downside protection to investors. Structured financing solutions are an incipient but increasingly important set of tools for investors active in Latin America to address the financing gap for companies that lack access to bank financing and are not attractive targets for traditional PE and VC players. Many investors employing these strategies are in an experimental phase, reporting new lessons learned with each deal completed. Impact investors have been among the top drivers of these structuring innovations, as they have grappled with the additional limitations associated with the straight equity model for environmental or social enterprises. However, the use of structured financing is by no means restricted to the impact investing space. Fund managers have invested USD4b in private credit deals in Latin America since 2018, more than the previous ten years combined. PE and VC investors have also increasingly employed quasi-equity and debt instruments. ACON Investments, for example, has employed mezzanine structures in several deals from its latest funds. Brazil-focused venture capital firm SP Ventures has recently begun investing from its debut venture debt fund. Growing experimentation by fund managers demonstrates the opportunity for investors across ticket sizes, strategies, and the impact-to-commercial spectrum. The structures discussed and the case studies highlighted in this report contain some of the major lessons applicable to a wide group of private capital investors in Latin America targeting certain and timely exits with consistent returns.
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Uyarra, Elvira, Diego Moñux, Yanchao Li, Adrián Esteban, John Rigby, María José Ospina, and Jakob Edler. Spurring Innovation-led Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean through Public Procurement. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007026.
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Public procurement accounts for a significant proportion of overall demand for goods and services. Thus, it could be a useful tool for fostering innovation and economic growth. While interest in the use of public procurement as industrial policy is not new, its potential to spur demand for innovative products and services, create incentives for business innovation, and accelerate the diffusion of new technologies has received much policy attention in recent years. The aim of this study is to advance knowledge on the role of public procurement as a demand-side policy instrument in stimulating firm innovation in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. In LAC countries, public procurement systems account for 20 percent of GDP, which suggests a considerable untapped potential to use public procurement for innovation (PPI) to strengthen their economic position and improve public service provision. The report first reviews the evidence on the implementation and impact of instruments and structures introduced to support PPI in selected developed countries (the United States, the European Union, Estonia, Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, China, and the supranational case of EU procurement policy), identifying useful policy lessons for LAC countries. It then focuses on emerging innovation friendly procurement practices introduced in three selected LAC countries: Brazil, Chile, and Colombia. These countries offer a diverse picture in terms of the institutional path they have followed for the development of public policy for innovation/pre-commercial procurement (PPI-PCP) policies as well as important differences in the level of development of their innovation systems.
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Frohmann, Alicia, Jaume Ventura, Rainer Schweickert, Michel Fouquin, Omar Licandro, Jacques Ziller, Helen Wallace, RolfJ.Langhammer, and Claudio Bravo Ortega. Euro-Latin Study Network on Integration and Trade (ELSNIT): 2nd Annual Conference. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006622.
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The process of economic reform and trade liberalization in Latin America and the Caribbean, under way since the end of the 1980s, has brought about an increasing integration of the countries in the region into the world economy, both in terms of commercial and investment flows. At the same time, Latin American countries have been pursuing the process of deepening economic integration at the subregional level, negotiating trade liberalization at the regional and hemispheric level, as well as engaging in multilateral trade negotiations. Latin American countries are also negotiating cooperation and free trade agreements with other countries and regions of the world, both developing and industrial ones. These developments, as well the emergence of new powerful players on the international arena, such as China and India, represent opportunities but also enormous challenges for Latin America. In facing these challenges, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean are open to ideas, experiences and good practices that may contribute to their successful integration into an increasingly open and competitive international economy. In this regard, the rich European experience in the process of regional integration over the last decades that has brought about not only mutual trade liberalization, but also the establishment of joint institutions, a common currency as well as political cooperation and a strong component of solidarity among member countries could be of benefit for the region. Moreover, Latin America is an important market for the European Union as it positions itself in global competition and seeks partners for economic as well as political cooperation. With this in mind, in 2002, the Inter-American Development Bank, through the Special Office in Europe and the Integration and Regional Programs Department, through the Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (INTAL), launched the Euro-Latin Study Network on Integration and Trade (ELSNIT). The Network operates with the collaboration of partner European centers, leaders in research in the area of integration and trade. ELSNIT represents a platform for an exchange of ideas between European and Latin American experts, and ultimately a source of support for policy makers on both sides of the Atlantic. This publication provides an account of the main findings of the second cycle of activities of the Network during 2004/2005.
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Ventura, Jaume, Rainer Schweickert, Michel Fouquin, Omar Licandro, Jacques Ziller, and RolfJ.Langhammer. Euro-Latin Study Network on Integration and Trade (ELSNIT): 3rd Annual Conference. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006623.
Full textAbstract:
The process of economic reform and trade liberalization in Latin America and the Caribbean, under way since the end of the 1980s, has brought about an increasing integration of the countries in the region into the world economy, both in terms of commercial and investment flows. At the same time, Latin American countries have been pursuing the process of deepening economic integration at the subregional level, negotiating trade liberalization at the regional and hemispheric level, as well as engaging in multilateral trade negotiations. Latin American countries are also negotiating cooperation and free trade agreements with other countries and regions of the world, both developing and industrial ones. These developments, as well the emergence of new powerful players on the international arena, such as China and India, represent opportunities but also enormous challenges for Latin America. In facing these challenges, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean are open to ideas, experiences and good practices that may contribute to their successful integration into an increasingly open and competitive international economy. In this regard, the rich European experience in the process of regional integration over the last decades that has brought about not only mutual trade liberalization, but also the establishment of joint institutions, a common currency as well as political cooperation and a strong component of solidarity among member countries could be of benefit for the region. Moreover, Latin America is an important market for the European Union as it positions itself in global competition and seeks partners for economic as well as political cooperation. With this in mind, in 2002, the Inter-American Development Bank, through the Special Office in Europe and the Integration and Regional Programs Department, through the Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (INTAL), launched the Euro-Latin Study Network on Integration and Trade (ELSNIT). The Network operates with the collaboration of partner European centers, leaders in research in the area of integration and trade. ELSNIT represents a platform for an exchange of ideas between European and Latin American experts, and ultimately a source of support for policy makers on both sides of the Atlantic. This publication provides an account of the main findings of the second cycle of activities of the Network during 2005/2006.
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Ahumada, Hildegart, Santos Espina-Mairal, Fernando Navajas, and Alejandro Rasteletti. Effective Carbon Rates on Energy Use in Latin America and the Caribbean: Estimates and Directions of Reform. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004778.
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This paper estimates effective carbon rates (ECRs) on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from energy use for 18 Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. We follow a methodology developed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as this allows us to compare ECR estimates for LAC countries with those for other countries in other regions. We also adapt the OECD methodology to assess the effect of energy subsidies on ECRs. The results obtained indicate that ECRs were low in LAC countries in 2018. On average, LAC countries priced carbon emissions from energy use at 24 euros per ton of CO2 equivalent (EUR/tCO2e) emissions, while the average pricing in OECD countries was 41 EUR/tCO2e. When considering energy subsidies, the average ECR in LAC falls to 17 EUR/tCO2e. The difference in average carbon pricing observed between LAC and the OECD is, for the most part, explained by lower excise taxes in LAC and, to a lesser extent, to few LAC countries having carbon taxes and the lack of tradable carbon emission permit mechanisms. We also find a large heterogeneity of ECRs across LAC countries as well as across sectors within countries. ECRs are the highest in Costa Rica and the lowest in Ecuador. At the sector level, ECRs are on average the highest in the road transport sector and the lowest in the electricity sector and in the residential and commercial energy use sector. These differences stem mostly from the different taxation of the different energy products. The ECR estimates suggest that countries willing to introduce carbon pricing reforms must pay particular attention to reducing fuel energy subsidies and to increasing ECRs in sectors other than road transport, as these sectors constitute a large share of carbon emissions and are virtually untaxed.
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Wenner,MarkD., and Sergio Campos. Lessons in Microfinance Downscaling: The Case of Banco de la Empresa, S.A. Inter-American Development Bank, August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008846.
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Few commercial banks have engaged in profitable microfinance lending despite repeated attempts by donor agencies to entice their entry. The case of Banco de la Empresa, a Latin American private bank, illustrates how penetration of the microenterprise market segment could evolve. This paper reviews the bank's experience with microfinance, what its motivations were for starting such a program, what adjustments it made in operating procedures and what risks the program faced. The study is based on a real experience of the Inter-American Development Bank but in order to preserve the confidentiality of the institution studied, names, dates and other non-critical data were changed.
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Michelitsch, Roland, Alejandro Soriano, Roni Szwedzki, Jose Claudio Linhares Pires, Eva Bolza-Schunemann, Danya Churanek, Ernesto Cuestas, et al. Evaluation of IDB Group's Work through Financial Intermediaries. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010643.
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This evaluation assesses the lending of the Inter-American Development Bank Group (IDBG) through financial intermediaries (FIs) from 2005 to 2014. It focuses on FI operations, an instrument IDBG uses to increase access tofinance (A2F) in Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) by supporting lending by regulated FIs (mostly commercial banks) to relevant beneficiaries. IDBG used FI operations intensively during the period. IDBG Management considers such operations to be a cost-effective mechanism to reach a large number of relevant beneficiaries. They are also a source of significant and relatively stable income for IDBG, and are thus important to its financial sustainability and growth. This is the first comprehensive evaluation the Office of Evaluation and Oversight has conducted on FI operations.
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Raghunathan, Adithya. The Economic Advantage of Wireless Infrastructure for Development. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009214.
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This paper explores wireless Internet infrastructure and associated costs in health, education, government, and commercial applications. It analyzes the cost-effectiveness of wireless provision of access and services in underserved (especially rural) areas, examining applications around the world. Current private sector activity in Latin America and the Caribbean is presented along with government and international development organizations efforts to promote wireless technologies in development projects. Attention is given to the policy barriers preventing the private sector from developing these technologies in the context of underserved markets, the role of government in providing universal service, and issues of spectrum allocation. Finally, recommendations are proposed for the IDB's future involvement in the area of wireless applications for development and wireless technology policy.
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